Hollow fiber membranes offer a compelling strategy for water treatment applications due to their unique structural characteristics and exceptional performance. These tubular structures, composed of polymer materials, possess a large permeable surface to volume ratio, enabling efficient filtration

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment due to their potential to produce high-quality effluent. A key factor influencing MBR performance is the selection and optimization of the membrane module. The structure of the module, including the type of membrane m